Firewall in a virtualized computing environment using physical network interface controller (pnic) level firewall rules

ABSTRACT

Example methods are provided for a destination host to implement a firewall in a virtualized computing environment that includes the destination host and a source host. The method may comprise receiving, via a physical network interface controller (PNIC) of the destination host, an ingress packet sent by the source host. The ingress packet may be destined for a destination virtualized computing instance that is supported by the destination host and associated with a destination virtual network interface controller (VNIC). The method may further comprise retrieving a PNIC-level firewall rule associated with the destination virtualized computing instance, the PNIC-level firewall rule being applicable at the PNIC and generated by based on a VNIC-level firewall rule applicable at the destination VNIC. In response to determination that the PNIC-level firewall rule blocks the ingress packet from passing through, the ingress packet may be dropped such that the ingress packet is not sent to the destination VNIC.

BACKGROUND

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in thissection are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

Virtualization allows the abstraction and pooling of hardware resourcesto support virtual machines in a virtualized computing environment, suchas a Software-Defined Datacenter (SDDC). For example, through servervirtualization, virtual machines running different operating systems maybe supported by the same physical machine (e.g., referred to as a“host”). Each virtual machine is generally provisioned with virtualresources to run an operating system and applications. The virtualresources may include central processing unit (CPU) resources, memoryresources, storage resources, network resources, etc. Virtualizationsoftware (e.g., hypervisor) running on the physical machine is generallyused to maintain a mapping between the virtual resources allocated toeach virtual machine and the underlying physical resources of the host.

In order to meet new requirements of granularity and scalability in thevirtualized computing environment, a firewall engine is deployed on eachhypervisor to protect the virtual machines. A central firewallcontroller is used to control all firewall engines and distributefirewall rules to them based on any suitable security policy. However,conventional firewall rules may not be optimal to the performance of thehosts or a network via which the hosts communicate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating example virtualized computingenvironment in which firewall is implemented according to a firstexample

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of example process for a destination host toimplement a firewall in a virtualized computing environment;

FIG. 3 , which is a schematic diagram illustrating example aggregationof VNIC-level firewall rules to generate PNIC-level firewall rules;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating example virtualized computingenvironment in which firewall is implemented according to a secondexample;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of example process for a firewall controller toimplement a distributed firewall in a virtualized computing instance;

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram illustrating exampledestination-associated firewall rules generated based on VNIC-levelfirewall rules;

FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram illustrating exampledestination-associated firewall rules generated based on PNIC-levelfirewall rules; and

FIG. 7 a flowchart of example process to generate destination-associatedfirewall rules according to reactive mode and proactive mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of thepresent disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated inthe drawings, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in awide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitlycontemplated herein.

The challenges of implementing a firewall, such as a distributedfirewall, will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 1 . Inparticular, FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating examplevirtualized computing environment 100 in which firewall is implementedaccording to a first example. It should be understood that networkenvironment 100 may include additional and/or alternative componentsthan that shown, depending on the desired implementation.

Virtualized computing environment 100 includes multiple hosts (alsoknown as “computing devices”, “host computers”, “host devices”,“physical servers”, “server systems”, etc.), such as Host-A 110A andHost-B 110B. Each host 110A/110B executes virtualization software (e.g.,hypervisor 111A/111B) and includes hardware 112A/112B to support variousvirtual machines. For example, Host-A 110A supports “VM1” 121, “VM2” 122and “VM3” 123, while Host-B 110B supports “VM4” 124 and “VM5” 125.Although some hosts and virtual machines are shown for simplicity, theremay be any suitable number of hosts, each supporting tens or hundreds ofvirtual machines in practice.

Hypervisor 111A/111B maintains a mapping between underlying hardware112A/112B and virtual resources allocated to the virtual machines. Forexample, hardware 112A/112B includes one or more physical networkinterface controllers (PNICs) 114A/114B to access physical network 102.Hardware 112A/112B also includes other physical resources (not shown forsimplicity), such as Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory (e.g., randomaccess memory), storage disks (e.g., solid state drive, hard diskdrive), etc.

“VM1” 121 to “VM5” 125 each represent a software implementation of aphysical machine. Although examples of the present disclosure refer to“virtual machines”, it should be understood that virtual machinesrunning within a virtualized computing environment are merely oneexample of “virtualized computing instance” or “workload” thatrepresents an addressable data compute node (DCN), an isolated userspace instance, etc. In practice, any suitable technologies aside fromhardware virtualization may be used to provide isolated user spaceinstances. For example, other workloads may include containers (e.g.,running on top of a host operating system without the need for ahypervisor or separate operating system), physical hosts, clientcomputers, virtual private servers, etc. The virtual machines may alsobe complete computation environments, containing virtual equivalents ofthe hardware and system software components of a physical system.

To support guest operating systems and run applications, virtualresources are allocated to the virtual machines. For example,corresponding to hardware 112A/112B, the virtual resources may includevirtual CPU, virtual memory, virtual disk, virtual network interfacecontroller (VNIC) to provide network access, etc. Hardware resources maybe emulated using virtual machine monitors (VMMs) implemented byhypervisor 111A/111B. For example, at Host-A 110A, “VNIC1” 131A, “VNIC2”132A and “VNIC3” 133A are emulated by respective VMMs 134A, 135A and136A. At Host-B 110B, “VNIC4” 131B and “VNIC5” 132B are emulated byrespective VMMs 133B, 134B. In practice, the VMMs may be considered ascomponents that are part of respective virtual machines, oralternatively, separated from the virtual machines. Also, one virtualmachine may have access to multiple VNICs.

Hypervisor 111A/111B implements virtual switch 140A/140B to handle bothegress traffic (i.e., outgoing or outbound) and ingress traffic (i.e.,incoming or inbound traffic). Virtual switch 140A/140B is generally alogical collection of virtual ports and maintains forwarding informationof VNIC addresses to forward packets to and from the VNICs. Each VNICmay be logically associated with a virtual port (not shown forsimplicity) maintained by virtual switch 140A/140B to facilitate packetforwarding. As used herein, the term “packets” may refer generally to agroup of bits that can be transported together from a source to adestination, such as “segments,” “frames,” “messages,” “datagrams,” etc.

Virtual switch 140A/140B is connected to PNIC 114A/114B (e.g., via a NICdriver) to send egress packets to, and receive ingress packets, fromphysical network 102. For example, at source Host-B 110B, virtual switch140B handles egress packets originating from “VM4” 124 and “VM5” 125.Egress packets destined for Host-A 110A (or any external entity) areforwarded by virtual switch 140B to physical network 102 via PNIC 114B.When received by the destination, those packets are taken as ingresspackets from the perspective of Host-A 110A. Virtual switch 140Areceives the ingress packets via PNIC 114A from physical network 102 forforwarding to “VM1” 121 (via “VNIC1” 131A), “VM2” 122 (via “VNIC2” 132A)or “VM3” 123 (via “VNIC3” 133A).

To protect host 110A/110B against security threats caused by unwantedpackets, a firewall is implemented to filter packets to and from thevirtual machines. More particularly, a distributed firewall isimplemented using multiple distributed (or local) firewall engines 150Aand 150B at respective Host-A 110A and Host-B 110B. For example, atHost-A 110A, hypervisor 111A implements firewall engine 150A to filterpackets for “VM1” 121, “VM2” 122 and “VM3” 123. At Host-B 110B,hypervisor 111B implements firewall engine 150B to filter packets for“VM4” 124 and “VM5” 125. Firewall engines 150A and 150B are configurableby centralized management entity in the form of firewall controller 160.In particular, firewall controller 160 sends control messages tofirewall engines 150A and 150B to apply firewall rules (e.g., configuredbased on inputs from users).

Conventionally, firewall engine 150A/150B is configured to enforceVNIC-level firewall rules 152A/152B. As used herein, the term“VNIC-level firewall rules” may refer generally to a set of firewallrules that are applicable to packets detected at or received via aparticular virtual machine's VNIC (or associated virtual port maintainedby corresponding virtual switch). For example, at Host-A 110A, threesets of VNIC-level firewall rules 152A may be applied at respective“VNIC1” 131A, “VNIC2” 132A and “VNIC3” 133A. Upon detecting egresspackets sent by “VM1” 121 at “VNIC1” 131A, firewall engine 150A enforcesVNIC-level firewall rules 152A associated with “VNIC1” 131A to allow ordrop the egress packets. If dropped, this prevents the egress packetsfrom being forwarded to virtual switch 140A and then to PNIC 114A.

However, for ingress packets that arrive at Host-A 110A, applyingVNIC-level firewall rules 152A may not be optimal for host performance.Using “VM1” 121 as an example again, consider source “VM4” 124 at Host-B110B sending packets to destination “VM1” 121 at Host-A 110A viaphysical network 102. See 170 in FIG. 1 . At Host-A 110A, virtual switch140A receives the (ingress) packets via PNIC 114A and forwards them todestination “VM1” 121 via “VNIC1” 131A. Firewall engine 150A enforcesVNIC-level firewall rules 152A associated with “VNIC1” 131A to allow ordrop the ingress packets. For example, at 172 in FIG. 1 , the ingresspackets are dropped.

Although “VM1” 121 is protected from unwanted ingress packets, theapplication of VNIC-level firewall rules 152A as explained above isinefficient and wastes valuable computing resources of Host-A 110A. Inparticular, although the ingress packets are eventually dropped,computing resources are used by virtual switch 140A to route the ingresspackets to “VNIC1” 131A before VNIC-level firewall rules 152A areapplied. This creates significant burden on virtual switch 140A whenthere is a large number of ingress packets.

PNIC-Level Firewall Rules

According to a first example of the present disclosure, instead of usingVNIC-level firewall rules 152A, PNIC-level firewall rules 154A areapplied to reduce processing overhead and improve host performance. Asused herein, the term “PNIC-level firewall rules” may refer generally toa set of firewall rules that are applicable to packets detected at orreceived via a particular PNIC. For example in FIG. 1 , PNIC-levelfirewall rules 154A are generated from VNIC-level firewall rules 152Aapplicable at “VNIC1” 131A, “VNIC2” 132A and “VNIC3” 133A, forapplication on ingress packets received at PNIC 114A.

Using “VM2” 122 in FIG. 1 as an example, consider “VM5” 125 at sourceHost-B 110B sending packets to “VM2” 122 at destination Host-A 110A. See180 in FIG. 1 . At Host-A 110A, instead of applying VNIC-level firewallrules 152A at “VNIC2” 132A, the forwarding of the packets is terminatedat PNIC 154A. As shown at 182 in FIG. 1 , upon detecting the ingresspackets at PNIC 114A, firewall engine 150A applies PNIC-level firewallrules 154A to drop the ingress packets. Since PNIC-level firewall rules154A are applied prior to forwarding the ingress packets to virtualswitch 140A and “VNIC2” 132A, it is not necessary for virtual switch140A to waste computing resources to process the ingress packets androute them through to “VNIC2” 132A (where they will be eventuallydropped).

In more detail, FIG. 2 is a flowchart of example process 200 for adestination host to implement a firewall in a virtualized computingenvironment. Example process 200 may include one or more operations,functions, or actions illustrated by one or more blocks, such as 210 to260. The various blocks may be combined into fewer blocks, divided intoadditional blocks, and/or eliminated depending on the desiredimplementation. The following will be explained using source “VM5” 125at Host-B 110B to destination “VM2” 122 at Host-A 110A. Block 210 isshown in dotted line to indicate that it may be performed by firewallengine 150A, firewall controller 160 or any other suitable component notshown in FIG. 1 .

At 210 in FIG. 2 , PNIC-level firewall rules 154A are generated based onmultiple VNIC-level firewall rules 152A associated with “VNIC1” 131A,“VNIC2” 132A and “VNIC3” 133A. As will be described further using FIG. 3, PNIC-level firewall rules 154A may be generated by firewall engine150A at Host-A 110A. Alternatively or additionally, PNIC-level firewallrules 154A may be generated by firewall controller 160, and distributedto firewall engine 150A at Host-A 110A using control messages. In theexample in FIG. 3 , PNIC-level firewall rules 154A are generated byaggregating VNIC-level firewall rules 152A.

At 220 in FIG. 2 , Host-A 110A receives ingress packets via PNIC 114A.For example, the ingress packets are sent by “VM5” 125 at source Host-B110B and destined for “VM2” 122 at destination Host-A 110A.

At 230 in FIG. 2 , firewall engine 150A retrieves PNIC-level firewallrules 154A associated with destination “VM2” 122. PNIC-level firewallrules 154A are applicable at PNIC 114A and generated based on aVNIC-level firewall rule applicable at “VNIC2” 132A associated withdestination “VM2” 122.

At 240 and 250 in FIG. 2 , in response to determination that PNIC-levelfirewall rules 154A block the ingress packets from passing through,firewall engine 150A drops the ingress packets (see 182 in FIG. 1 ) atPNIC 114A. Otherwise, at 240 and 260 in FIG. 2 , in response todetermination that the ingress packets are allowed to pass through byPNIC-level firewall rules 154A, firewall engine 150A allows the ingresspackets to be forwarded to “VM2” 122 via associated “VNIC2” 132A.

Although not shown in FIG. 1 , example process 200 may be implementedalso be implemented by Host-B 110B for ingress packets destined for“VM4” 124 or “VM5” 125. In this case, PNIC-level firewall rules may begenerated based on (e.g., by aggregating) multiple sets of VNIC-levelfirewall rules configured for respective “VNIC4” 131B and “VNIC5” 132B,and applied to ingress packets from Host-A 110A, etc. Although FIG. 1illustrates the application of VNIC-level firewall rules 152A (see 172)and PNIC-level firewall rules 154A (see 182) for comparison purposes, itshould be understood that it is not necessary for Host-A 110A to applyVNIC-level firewall rules 152A for ingress packets when configured toapply PNIC-level firewall rules 154A instead.

Firewall Rule Aggregation

Some example firewall rules will be explained using FIG. 3 , which is aschematic diagram illustrating example aggregation of VNIC-levelfirewall rules 152A to generate PNIC-level firewall rules 154A. In thisexample, three sets of VNIC-level firewall rules 310, 320, 330 formingVNIC-level firewall rules 152A in FIG. 1 are shown. First set 310 isconfigured for “VM1” 121 and applicable to ingress packets at “VNIC1”131A. Similarly, second set 320 is configured for “VM2” 122 andapplicable at “VNIC2” 132A, and third set 330 is configured for “VM3”123 and applicable at “VNIC3” 133A.

In general, a firewall rule is specified in terms of multiple packetfields or data tuples, such as source Internet Protocol (IP) address,source port number (PN), destination IP address, destination port numberand protocol. Any suitable protocol may be specified, such asTransmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), etc.An action is also specified, i.e., “PASS” to allow packets to passthrough and “DROP” to block packets from passing through by droppingthem. When applying a rule, the specified fields will be matched againstcorresponding fields of each ingress packet, and the action performed ifthere is a match.

In one example, “VM1” 121 and “VM2” 122 are configured to provideHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) services, while “VM3” 123 to provideHTTP Secure (HTTPS) services. In first set 310, rule 312 is applicableat “VNIC1” 131A to allow all ingress packets with destination IPaddress=IP-VM1 (i.e., IP address of “VM1” 121), destination PN=80 forHTTP and protocol=TCP. Otherwise, rule 314 will be enforced to drop theingress packets. Similarly, in second set 320, rule 322 is applicable at“VNIC2” 132A to allow all ingress packets with destination IPaddress=IP-VM1 (i.e., IP address of “VM1” 121), destination PN=80 forHTTP and protocol=TCP. Otherwise, rule 324 is applicable. In third set330, rule 332 is applicable at “VNIC3” 133A to allow ingress packetswith destination IP address=IP-VM3 (i.e., IP address of “VM3” 123),destination PN=443 for HTTPS and protocol=TCP. Otherwise, rule 334 isapplicable.

As explained using FIG. 1 , VNIC-level firewall rules in sets 310, 320,330 are conventionally applied at respective “VNIC1” 131A, “VNIC2” 132Aand “VNIC3” 133A, which is less than ideal for host performance.According to example process 200 in FIG. 2 , PNIC-level firewall rules154A may be generated by analyzing and synthesizing VNIC-level firewallrules in sets 310, 320, 330. See also 340 in FIG. 3 . For example, sets310, 320, 330 may be analyzed to identify combinable packet fields, suchas destination PN=80 and protocol=TCP in VNIC-level firewall rules 312and 322 (both specifying action=PASS). Based on the combinable packetfields, VNIC-level firewall rules 312 and 322 are synthesized or mergedto generate PNIC-level firewall rule 352.

Similarly, PNIC-level firewall rule 354 is generated based oncorresponding VNIC-level firewall rules 332 (which cannot be synthesizedwith another rule) to allow ingress packets with destination IPaddress=IP-VM3, destination PN=443 and protocol=TCP to pass through.Based on VNIC-level firewall rules 314, 324 and 334, PNIC-level firewallrule 356 is generated to drop all other ingress packets that do not meetthe requirements of either PNIC-level firewall rule 352 or 354.

It should be understood that generation operation (see 340 in FIG. 3 )may be performed by Host-A 110A (e.g., using firewall engine 150A) orfirewall controller 160, or both. In practice, PNIC-level firewall rule514A may be generated automatically without necessitating any inputsfrom a user (e.g., network administrator). When performed by firewallcontroller 160, a control message specifying PNIC-level firewall rules154A may be sent from firewall controller 160 to firewall engine 150A.In response to receiving the control message, firewall engine 150A isconfigured to apply PNIC-level firewall rules 154A to ingress packets atPNIC 114B instead of applying VNIC-level firewall rules 152A.

It should be understood that block 210 in FIG. 2 and generationoperation 340 in FIG. 3 may be performed on larger sets of, and morecomplex, VNIC-level firewall rules than that shown in FIG. 3 . Forexample, in practice, source or destination IP address may be specifiedas an individual IP address, or a range of IP addresses specified as anIP Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) block. In general, the CIDRnotation is a compact representation of an IP address and its associatedrouting prefix. The notation is constructed from the IP address and theprefix size, the latter being equivalent to the number of leading 1 bitsin the routing prefix mask. The IP address is expressed according to thestandards of IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6), and followed bya separator character, the slash (‘/’) character, and the prefix sizeexpressed as a decimal number. The IP address may denote a single,distinct interface address or the beginning address of an entirenetwork.

For example, the IP CIDR block 192.168.100.0/24 specifies a routingprefix 192.168.100.0 and a subnet mask 255.255.255.0 (i.e., 24 leading1-bits). In other words, the notation 192.168.100.0/24 represents asubnet that includes a range of address from 192.168.100.0 through192.168.100.255. In some examples, an individual IP address can beregarded as a /32 CIDR block (i.e., having 1-bits for the entire subnetmask). IP-VM1 and IP-VM2 may each be an IP CIDR block, in which caseoperation 340 in FIG. 3 may include determining an IP CIDR block tocovers both IP-VM1 and IP-VM2 to generate PNIC-level firewall rule 352.Also, generation operation 340 in FIG. 3 may further include determininga list of PNs, or range of PNs, by aggregating corresponding PNsspecified by sets 310, 320 and 330. Any additional or alternativeapproaches may be used.

Destination-Associated Firewall Rules

Conventionally, firewall rules are configured for application at thedestination host, which may not be ideal for host and networkperformance. As explained using FIG. 1 , VNIC-level firewall rules 152Aare applicable at “VNIC1” 131A, “VNIC2” 132A and “VNIC3” 133A ofdestination Host-A 110A. Although the application of PNIC-level firewallrules 154A to ingress packets detected at PNIC 114A reduces theprocessing burden of virtual switch 140A (compared to the conventionalapplication of VNIC-level firewall rules 152A), source Host-B 110B stillhas to waste computing resources to process and send packets that willbe eventually blocked by destination Host-A 110A. Further, networkresources of physical network 102 are wasted to route the packets fromsource Host-B 110B to destination Host-A 110A.

According to a second example of the present disclosure, host andnetwork performance may be improved by configuring source Host-B 110B todrop egress packets that will be blocked by destination Host-A 110A. Inmore detail, FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating examplevirtualized computing environment 400 in which firewall is implementedaccording to a second example. The same reference numerals are used inFIG. 4 for components that are introduced in FIG. 1 . It should beunderstood that virtualized computing environment 400 may includeadditional and/or alternative components than that shown, depending onthe desired implementation.

In the example in FIG. 4 , “destination-associated” firewall rules 410are generated for source Host-B 110B based on VNIC-level firewall rules152A or PNIC-level firewall rules 154A associated with destinationHost-A 110A. As used herein, the term “destination-associated” may refergenerally to firewall rules that are generated based on correspondingfirewall rules that will be enforced at the destination. Before egresspackets from “VM4” 124 and “VM5” 125 are sent via PNIC 114B, firewallengine 150B applies destination-associated firewall rules 410 to eitherallow the egress packets to pass through, or drop them. This reduces theprocessing burden on source Host-B 110B to process and send the unwantedpackets, and prevents the unwanted packets from wasting the bandwidth ofphysical network 102.

For example in FIG. 4 , firewall engine 150B allows egress packets sentby “VM4” 124 to “VM1” 121 (see 420 in FIG. 4 ) to pass through becausethe packets will be allowed (see 422 in FIG. 4 ) by firewall engine 150Aat destination Host-A 110A according to firewall rule 312/352 in FIG. 3. In contrast, egress packets sent by “VM5” 125 to “VM2” 122 are dropped(see 430 in FIG. 4 ) by firewall engine 140B because the packets will bedropped by firewall engine 150A at destination Host-A 110A according tofirewall rule 322/352 in FIG. 3 .

In more detail, FIG. 5 is a flowchart of example process 500 for afirewall controller to implement a distributed firewall in a virtualizedcomputing instance. Example process 500 may include one or moreoperations, functions, or actions illustrated by one or more blocks,such as 510 to 590. The various blocks may be combined into fewerblocks, divided into additional blocks, and/or eliminated depending onthe desired implementation.

At 510 in FIG. 5 , firewall controller 160 retrieves VNIC-level firewallrules 152A and PNIC-level firewall rules 154A (also referred to as“first firewall rules”) that are applicable to ingress packets receivedby destination Host-A 110A. See FIG. 3 again for examples.

At 520 in FIG. 5 , firewall controller 160 generatesdestination-associated firewall rules 410 (also referred to “secondfirewall rules”) that are applicable at source Host-B 110B.Destination-associated firewall rules 410 are generated based onVNIC-level firewall rules 152A or PNIC-level firewall rules 154A thatare applicable at destination Host-A 110A. As will be discussed furtherusing FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, destination-associated firewall rules 410 maybe applied at a VNIC level or PNIC level. Application at the VNIC levelis generally more efficient than that at the PNIC level because theegress packets will be, if necessary, dropped closer to the sourcevirtual machine.

At 530 in FIG. 5 , firewall controller 160 instructs source Host-B 110Bto apply destination-associated firewall rules 410 to egress packets.For example, firewall controller 160 sends a control message to sourceHost-B 110B to instruct firewall engine 150B to monitor for egresspackets and apply destination-associated firewall rules 410 to theegress packets.

At 540 and 550 in FIG. 5 , firewall engine 150B receives the instruction(e.g., control message) from firewall controller 160 and storesdestination-associated firewall rules 410. At 560 and 570 in FIG. 5 ,upon detecting egress packets from “VM4” 124 or “VM5” 125, firewallengine 150B applies one or more destination-associated firewall rules410 to either allow the egress packets to be pass through, or drop theegress packets.

The number of destination-associated firewall rules 410 applicable atsource Host-B 110B may be managed using any suitable approach. Forexample, firewall controller 160 or firewall engine 140B may assign anactive period to each destination-associated firewall rule 410. In thiscase, at 570 and 580 in FIG. 5 , firewall engine 140B removes aparticular destination-associated firewall rule 410 after its activeperiod has elapsed.

Using example process 500 in FIG. 5 , VNIC-level firewall rules 152A orPNIC-level firewall rules 154A configured for destination Host-A 110Amay be implemented “remotely” (i.e., remote to destination Host-A 110A)by configuring source Host-B 110B to implement correspondingdestination-associated firewall rules 410. This allows remote firewallrule application to be implemented along with the distributed firewallarchitecture in virtualized computing environment 400 in FIG. 4 .

Example Destination-Associated Firewall Rules

As will be discussed using FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, destination-associatedfirewall rules 410 for source Host-B 110B may be generated based on (a)VNIC-level firewall rules 152A or (b) PNIC-level firewall rules 154A.Both will be explained using example first packets (see 420 in FIG. 4 )from “VM4” 124 to “VM1” 121, and second packets (see 430 in FIG. 4 )from “VM5” 125 to “VM2” 122.

(a) VNIC-Level Application

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram illustrating exampledestination-associated firewall rules generated based on VNIC-levelfirewall rules 152A. In this example, destination-associated firewallrules 610, 620 may be generated by firewall controller 160 forapplication by firewall engine 150B at a VNIC level, i.e., when egresspackets are detected at “VNIC4” 131B of “VM4” 124 or “VNIC5” 132B of“VM5” 125.

In more detail, at 610 in FIG. 6A, first set 610 may be applied toegress packets from source=“VM4” 124 to destination=“VM1” 121. Rule 612in FIG. 6A is generated by reversing VNIC-level firewall rule 312 inFIG. 3 to drop egress packets with destination IP address=IP-VM1 andprotocol=TCP, but destination PN≠80. Otherwise, the egress packets(e.g., with destination IP address=IP-VM1, destination PN=80 andprotocol=TCP) will be allowed according to rule 614 in FIG. 6A.

In the example in FIG. 4 , first packets 420 have the following fields:destination IP address=IP-VM2, destination PN=80 and protocol=TCP. Upondetecting first packets 420 at “VNIC4” 131B of source “VM4” 124,firewall engine 150B applies destination-associated firewall rule 614 toallow the packets to pass through and forwarded to destination “VM1” 121via virtual switch 140B, PNIC 114B and physical network 102.

At 620 in FIG. 6A, second set 620 is may be applied to egress packetsfrom source=“VM5” 125 to destination=“VM2” 122. Similar to rule 612,rule 622 is generated by reversing VNIC-level firewall rule 322 in FIG.3 to drop egress packets with destination IP address=IP-VM1 andprotocol=TCP, but destination PN≠80. Otherwise, rule 624 allows theegress packets (i.e., with destination IP address=IP-VM1, destinationPN=80 and protocol=TCP) to pass through and forwarded to thedestination.

In the example in FIG. 4 , second packets 430 carry destination IPaddress=IP-VM2, destination PN=21 (i.e., not 80) and protocol=TCP. Inthis case, upon detecting second packets 430 at “VNIC5” 132B of source“VM5” 125, firewall engine 150B applies destination-associated firewallrule 622 to drop second packets 430, which would be blocked bycorresponding VNIC-level firewall rule 322 in FIG. 3 had they been sentto destination Host-A 110A.

In the above examples, rules 612, 622 in FIG. 6A may be referred to as“reverse rules,” each being generated by reversing corresponding rules312, 314 in FIG. 3 . Assuming that there will be many egress packetstargeting the incorrect destination PN (i.e., #80), it would be moreefficient for firewall engine 150B to apply reverse rules 612, 622 atsource Host-B 110B to drop the egress packets. In contrast, if the rulesin FIG. 3 are merely propagated from destination Host-A 110A and appliedat source Host-B 110B, firewall engine 150B would have to first matchthe egress packets to rule 312/322 (not matched because of destinationPN≠80) and then rule 314/324 to drop the egress packets.

(b) PNIC-Level Application

FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram illustrating exampledestination-associated firewall rules 630 generated based on PNIC-levelfirewall rules 154A. In this case, destination-associated firewall rules630 may generated by firewall controller 160 for application by firewallengine 150B at a PNIC level, i.e., when egress packets are received viaPNIC 114B. In the example in FIG. 4 , the egress packets may originatefrom “VM4” 124 or “VM5” 125 and destined for “VM1” 121, “VM2” 122 or“VM3” 123.

In particular, rule 632 in FIG. 6B is generated based on PNIC-levelfirewall rule 352 in FIG. 3 to allow egress packets with destination IPaddress=IP-VM1 or IP-VM2, destination PN=80 and protocol=TCP. Similarly,rules 634 and 636 are the same as corresponding PNIC-level firewall rule354 and 356 in FIG. 3 . Firewall engine 150B may apply rules 632, 634and 636 to allow or drop egress packets detected at PNIC 114B. Inpractice, PNIC-level firewall rules may be generated using any othersuitable approach, such as by reversing PNIC-level firewall rules 352,354 and 356 in FIG. 3 .

Reactive and Proactive Modes

The generation of destination-associated firewall rules 410 according toblocks 510 to 530 may be performed according to a (a) reactive mode or(b) proactive mode that will be discussed below. In more detail, FIG. 7a flowchart of example process 700 to generate destination-associatedfirewall rules according to reactive mode and proactive mode. Exampleprocess 700 may include one or more operations, functions, or actionsillustrated by one or more blocks, such as 710 to 760. The variousblocks may be combined into fewer blocks, divided into additionalblocks, and/or eliminated depending on the desired implementation.

At 710 in FIG. 7 , firewall controller 160 is configured to operate ineither reactive mode or proactive mode, such as based on input from anetwork administrator (not shown for simplicity). In one example, thereactive mode may be configured as the default mode. The proactive modemay be used as a precautionary measure to protect (important)destination virtual machines that receive a large number of ingresspackets.

(a) Reactive Mode

According to the reactive mode, a statistics-based approach is used totrigger the generation of destination-associated firewall rules 410. Forexample in FIG. 4 , before source Host-B 110B is instructed to applydestination-based firewall rules 410, destination Host-A 110A will droppackets from “VM5” 125 to “VM2” 122 because of the incorrect destinationPN=21. In this case, at 710 and 720 in FIG. 7 , firewall engine 150A atdestination Host-A 110A collects statistics of the dropped packets. The“statistics” (represented using “X” in FIG. 7 ) may include any suitablenumerical data, such as the number of dropped packets, a rate at whichpackets are dropped, etc.

At 730 and 740, in response to determination that the statistics (X)exceeds a threshold, firewall engine 150A sends a report message tofirewall controller 160 identifying (source IP address=IP-VM5, firewallrule applied, X). The aim is to trigger firewall controller 160 to stopsource Host-B 110B from sending those unwanted packets.

At 715 and 740 in FIG. 7 , firewall controller 160 receives the reportmessage from destination Host-A 110A. At 745 in FIG. 7 , firewallcontroller 160 identifies source “VM5” 125 based on source IPaddress=IP-VM5, and corresponding source Host-B 110B. The identificationat 745 may be based on mapping information between virtual machines andtheir respective IP addresses and hosts.

At 760 in FIG. 7 , firewall controller 160 proceeds todestination-associated firewall rule generation according to blocks 410,420 and 430 in FIG. 4 , such as rule 622 in FIG. 6A or 632 in FIG. 6B.If the egress packets from “VM5” 125 to “VM2” 122 do not match thespecified fields, they will be dropped and prevented from leaving sourceHost-B 110B.

(b) Proactive Mode

In contrast to the reactive mode, the proactive mode does not requireany triggers or report messages from destination Host-A 110A. Theproactive mode is suitable for protecting specialized virtual machinesthat receive a large number of ingress packets. For example in FIG. 4 ,“VM2” 122 may be a service virtual machine providing HTTP service to“VM4” 124 and “VM5” 125. In this case, firewall controller 160 mayinstruct firewall engine 150B to stop “VM4” 124 and “VM5” 125 fromsending unwanted packets to “VM2” 122.

Compared to the reactive mode, the implementation of the proactive modeis more resource-intensive because there may be a large number ofpotential source virtual machines that send packets to “VM2” 122. Assuch, the proactive mode may be selectively implemented for importantdestination virtual machine or destination host (e.g., database server).

Referring to FIG. 7 , at 750, firewall controller 160 selectsdestination virtual machine (e.g., “VM2” 122) that requires protectionusing destination-associated firewall rules. At 755 in FIG. 7 , firewallcontroller 160 selects multiple source virtual machines (e.g., “VM4” 124and “VM5” 125) supported by at least one source host (e.g., Host-B 110B)to be instructed to apply destination-associated firewall rules 410.

At 760 in FIG. 7 , firewall controller 160 proceeds to firewall rulegeneration according to blocks 410, 420 and 430 in FIG. 4 , resulting indestination-associated firewall rule 612/622 in FIG. 6A or 632 in FIG.6B for example. If the egress packets from “VM4” 124 or “VM5” 125 to“VM2” 122 do not match the specified fields, they will be dropped andprevented from leaving source Host-B 110B.

Although examples of the reactive move and proactive mode have describedusing different source and destination hosts for simplicity, it shouldbe understood that the same approach may be used when both the sourcevirtual machine (e.g., “VM3” 123) and destination virtual machine (e.g.,“VM2” 122) reside on the same Host-A 110A. In the case of reactive mode,firewall controller 160 may also instruct firewall engine 150A to stop“VM3” 123 from sending unwanted packets to “VM2” 122. In the case ofproactive mode, firewall controller 160 may determine both “VM1” 121 and“VM3” 123 as potential sources, and instruct firewall engine 150A tostop them from sending unwanted packets to “VM2” 122.

Computing Devices

The above examples can be implemented by hardware (including hardwarelogic circuitry), software or firmware or a combination thereof. Theabove examples may be implemented by any suitable computing device, etc.The computing device may include processor(s), memory unit(s) andPNIC(s) that may communicate with each other via a communication bus,etc. The computing device may include a non-transitory computer-readablemedium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, cause the processor to perform processes described hereinwith reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 7 . For example, computing devicescapable of acting as respective destination host (e.g., Host-A 110A),source host (e.g., Host-B 110B) and firewall controller 160 may bedeployed in virtualized computing environment 100/400.

The techniques introduced above can be implemented in special-purposehardwired circuitry, in software and/or firmware in conjunction withprogrammable circuitry, or in a combination thereof. Special-purposehardwired circuitry may be in the form of, for example, one or moreapplication-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logicdevices (PLDs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and others. Theterm ‘processor’ is to be interpreted broadly to include a processingunit, ASIC, logic unit, or programmable gate array etc.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts,and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/orexamples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will beunderstood by those within the art that each function and/or operationwithin such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,firmware, or any combination thereof.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of theembodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalentlyimplemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programsrunning on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs runningon one or more computing systems), as one or more programs running onone or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one ormore microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combinationthereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code forthe software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one ofskill in the art in light of this disclosure.

Software and/or to implement the techniques introduced here may bestored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and may beexecuted by one or more general-purpose or special-purpose programmablemicroprocessors. A “computer-readable storage medium”, as the term isused herein, includes any mechanism that provides (i.e., stores and/ortransmits) information in a form accessible by a machine (e.g., acomputer, network device, personal digital assistant (PFD1), mobiledevice, manufacturing tool, any device with a set of one or moreprocessors, etc.). A computer-readable storage medium may includerecordable/non recordable media (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), randomaccess memory (RAM), magnetic disk or optical storage media, flashmemory devices, etc.).

The drawings are only illustrations of an example, wherein the units orprocedure shown in the drawings are not necessarily essential forimplementing the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art willunderstand that the units in the device in the examples can be arrangedin the device in the examples as described, or can be alternativelylocated in one or more devices different from that in the examples. Theunits in the examples described can be combined into one module orfurther divided into a plurality of sub-units.

1-18. (canceled)
 19. A method for a first host computer to implement afirewall in a network, the method comprising: at a physical networkinterface controller (PNIC) of the first host computer: receiving aplurality of firewall rules from a program executing on the first hostcomputer; receiving an ingress packet from the network; examining, forthe received packet, the plurality of firewall rules to identify afirewall rule that matches the received packet and that requiresdropping any packet that matches the identified rule; and dropping thepacket.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the packet is dropped at thePNIC so that the packet does not have to be processed by any programexecuting on the host computer.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein thepacket is from a second host computer.
 22. The method of claim 19,wherein the packet is destined to a machine executing on the first hostcomputer.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the machine comprises avirtual network interface controller (VNIC), the plurality of firewallrules are associated with the VNIC, and the packet is dropped at thePNIC so that the packet does not reach the VNIC and does not have to beprocessed by any firewall executing on the first host computer toenforce the VNIC firewall rules
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein thereceived packet matches the identified firewall rule because the machineis the destination of the received packet.
 25. The method of claim 19further comprising receiving, at the first host computer, at least onefirewall rule from a controller.
 26. The method of claim 19, wherein thefirst host computer implements a distributed firewall engine that isconfigurable by a firewall controller and the method further comprisesin response to receiving a control message from the firewall controller,configuring the firewall engine to apply the plurality firewall rules atthe PNIC instead of using a firewall that executed on the first hostcomputer to enforce the plurality firewall rules.
 27. The method ofclaim 19 further comprising: at the first host computer: identifying afirst firewall rule that is applicable to an ingress packet to the firstmachine from a second machine executing on a second host computer; basedon the first firewall rule, generating a second firewall rule that isapplicable at the second host to egress packets destined to the firstmachine from the second machine; and instructing the second host toapply the second firewall rule to egress packets from the second machineto the first machine.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the first hostcomputer implements a firewall engine configurable by a firewallcontroller, and prior to the identifying the first firewall rule, themethod further comprises: receiving, from the firewall engine of thefirst host, a report message reporting the first host computer appliesthe first firewall rule to block ingress packets from a source networkaddress associated with the second machine; and based on the sourcenetwork address, identifying the second host computer to receive thesecond firewall rule.
 29. A non-transitory machine readable mediumstoring a program for execution on a physical network interfacecontroller (PNIC) of a first host computer to implement a firewall in anetwork, the program comprising sets of instructions for: receiving aplurality of firewall rules from a program executing on the first hostcomputer; receiving an ingress packet from the network; examining, forthe received packet, the plurality of firewall rules to identify afirewall rule that matches the received packet and that requiresdropping any packet that matches the identified rule; and dropping thepacket.
 30. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 29,wherein the packet is dropped at the PNIC so that the packet does nothave to be processed by any program executing on the host computer. 31.The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 29, wherein thepacket is from a second host computer.
 32. The non-transitory machinereadable medium of claim 29, wherein the packet is destined to a machineexecuting on the first host computer.
 33. The non-transitory machinereadable medium of claim 29, wherein the machine comprises a virtualnetwork interface controller (VNIC), the plurality of firewall rules areassociated with the VNIC, and the packet is dropped at the PNIC so thatthe packet does not reach the VNIC and does not have to be processed byany firewall executing on the first host computer to enforce the VNICfirewall rules
 34. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim33, wherein the received packet matches the identified firewall rulebecause the machine is the destination of the received packet.
 35. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 29, the program furthercomprising a set of instructions for receiving, at the first hostcomputer, at least one firewall rule from a controller.
 36. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 29, wherein the firsthost computer implements a distributed firewall engine that isconfigurable by a firewall controller and the program further comprisesa set of instructions for, in response to receiving a control messagefrom the firewall controller, configuring the firewall engine to applythe plurality firewall rules at the PNIC instead of using a firewallthat executed on the first host computer to enforce the pluralityfirewall rules.
 37. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim29, the program further comprising sets of instructions for: at thefirst host computer: identifying a first firewall rule that isapplicable to an ingress packet to the first machine from a secondmachine executing on a second host computer; based on the first firewallrule, generating a second firewall rule that is applicable at the secondhost to egress packets destined to the first machine from the secondmachine; and instructing the second host to apply the second firewallrule to egress packets from the second machine to the first machine. 38.The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 37, wherein thefirst host computer implements a firewall engine configurable by afirewall controller, and prior to the identifying the first firewallrule, the program further comprises sets of instructions for: receiving,from the firewall engine of the first host, a report message reportingthe first host computer applies the first firewall rule to block ingresspackets from a source network address associated with the secondmachine; and based on the source network address, identifying the secondhost computer to receive the second firewall rule.